What keeps the electrons confined in the space surrounding the nucleus?

The confinement of electrons in the space surrounding the nucleus is primarily due to their attraction to the positively charged nucleus. The nucleus, which contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral), exerts an electrostatic force on the negatively charged electrons. This attraction helps maintain the electrons in their orbits, preventing them from flying away and keeping them bound to the atom.

The electrostatic force acts as the central governing interaction, providing a stable environment for electrons, which exist in various energy levels or orbitals around the nucleus. This arrangement reflects the balance between the attractive forces from the nucleus and the inherent energy levels that electrons can occupy.

While other forces and factors may influence electron behavior, such as the effects of other electrons, their mass, or magnetic fields in specific scenarios, it is the attraction to the positively charged nucleus that is the fundamental reason for electrons being confined in the vicinity of the nucleus.