How is the number of electrons in a neutral atom related to the number of protons?

In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is always equal to the number of protons. This equality is crucial for maintaining electrical neutrality; protons carry a positive charge, while electrons have a negative charge. If the counts were unequal, the atom would either have a net positive charge (if there are more protons) or a net negative charge (if there are more electrons).

This fundamental balance is a cornerstone of atomic structure and is what defines an atom as neutral. When discussing atomic particles, it is essential to remember that the overall electrical charge affects the behavior of atoms in chemical reactions and interactions with other atoms.